How Painkillers Work: The Science Behind Stopping Pain
We all experience pain at some point, whether it's a headache, muscle soreness, or an injury. Painkillers are medicines that help relieve this pain, but how exactly do they work? Let’s break down the science behind painkillers and how they help stop pain.
8/22/20242 min read
What Are Painkillers?
Painkillers, also known as pain relievers, are medicines that reduce or stop pain.
There are different types of painkillers, like those you can buy easily,
such as Crocin (Paracetamol) or Brufen (Ibuprofen), and stronger ones like Morphine,
which are available only with a doctor's prescription.
Though they all help with pain, each works in a different way.
Different Types of Painkillers and How They Work
NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)
Examples: Brufen (Ibuprofen), Disprin (Aspirin), Zerodol (Aceclofenac)
How They Work:
When your body is injured or inflamed, it releases chemicals called prostaglandins, which increase swelling and pain.
NSAIDs like Brufen block the production of prostaglandins, reducing both swelling and pain.
These are commonly used for conditions like headaches, joint pain, or muscle injuries.
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)
Examples: Crocin, Calpol
How It Works:
Paracetamol doesn’t target inflammation like NSAIDs. Instead, it works mainly in the brain to block pain signals.
Crocin, a well-known paracetamol brand, is often used for treating mild pain, headaches, and fevers, though it’s not as effective for reducing swelling.
Opioids
Examples: Morphine, OxyContin (Oxycodone), Codeine
How They Work:
Opioids are very strong painkillers used for severe pain, such as after surgery or for cancer-related pain.
These medicines work by attaching to opioid receptors in the brain, reducing the perception of pain.
However, because of their strength, opioids like Morphine or OxyContin need to be prescribed and monitored carefully by a doctor.
Local Anesthetics
Examples: Xylocaine (Lidocaine)
How They Work:
Local anesthetics, like Xylocaine, are used to numb a specific area of the body.
They work by blocking the nerve signals that carry pain messages to the brain.
You might receive a local anesthetic during dental work or small surgical procedures.
How Painkillers Block Pain
Pain travels through your nerves to your brain when you are hurt. Painkillers work by blocking or reducing these signals:
NSAIDs like Brufen block the chemicals that cause inflammation and pain.
Paracetamol brands like Crocin work in the brain to reduce the sensation of pain.
Opioids like Morphine reduce pain by affecting the brain’s response to pain signals.
Local anesthetics like Xylocaine stop pain signals from reaching the brain altogether.
Side Effects of Painkillers
Though painkillers are effective, they can sometimes cause side effects:
NSAIDs (like Brufen) can cause stomach irritation, ulcers, or even bleeding if taken for a long time.
Opioids (like Morphine) can lead to drowsiness, constipation, or addiction if not used carefully.
Always follow the dosage instructions and consult with your doctor or pharmacist to avoid any side effects.
Conclusion
Painkillers are powerful tools for managing pain, and each type works differently to help reduce or block pain. Whether you’re reaching for Crocin for a headache or Brufen for muscle pain, understanding how these medications work can help you use them safely. If you’re unsure which painkiller is best for your situation, it's always a good idea to consult your doctor or pharmacist for advice.
